The application of RTV silicone rubber anti-pollution flashover coating is an important means to improve the external insulation level of equipment. Due to irregular construction operations or long-term aging, the coating will debond, which will seriously affect the external insulation level of the equipment and threaten the safe operation of the power system. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out research on ultrasonic nondestructive testing of internal debonding defects of RTV coatings. In this paper, the ultrasonic C-scan detection system of RTV coating defects was built to test the prepared RTV coating debonding defect samples. The scanning data are reconstructed by three-dimensional projection, and the size of the debonding defect is quantitatively analyzed based on image segmentation algorithm. Finally, the accurate location and size of the defect are obtained. The test results show that the ultrasonic C-scan detection system for RTV coating debonding defects built in this paper can accurately detect the size of RTV coating debonding defects and the part where weak bonding is about to fall off. Through the establishment of three-dimensional and two-dimensional scanning maps of defect data, intuitive detection results can be obtained, which is obvious for RTV coating bonding defect detection. This study has important engineering value for carrying out debonding defect detection of antifouling flashover coatings and solving the problem of unclear standards for evaluating coating defects during equipment maintenance.