Rapid proliferation of computing and communication systems with increasing computational power and connectivity into every sphere of modern life has brought security to the forefront of system design, test, and validation processes. The emergence of new application spaces for these systems in the internet-of-things (IoT) regime is creating new attack surfaces as well as new requirements for secure and trusted system operation. Additionally, the design, manufacturing and the distribution of microchip, PCB, as well as other electronic components are becoming more sophisticated and globally distributed with a number of potential security vulnerabilities. Therefore, hardware plays an increasingly important and integral role in system security with many emerging system and application vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms relating to hardware.