A growing literature in personnel economics has explored how firms may use human resource management strategies to attract the “right” workers, maximize their productivity and prevent the departure of valuable employees. New technologies, coupled with increasing job autonomy and task variety, have created additional challenges for HR management. For instance, both workers and managers are calling for more flexibility, an improved work-life balance and greater gender equality. As a consequence, individualized career paths and flexible work arrangements have become part of the toolkit of modern HR management, complementing more traditional instruments.