Obesity, a condition that is becoming a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality, is among the global healthcare challenges of the 21st century. Obesity is primarily a result of the cumulative effect of increased food intake beyond the body’s energetic requirements over time. Emerging research reveals critical integrative neuronal systems that control both energy and glucose homeostasis, which have encouraging implications for the future treatment of obesity. This symposium will fuse existing knowledge with the latest discoveries in the neural circuits underpinning nutrient sensation, satiety, food reward, developmental programming and glucoregulatory function. Furthermore, recent findings will be presented on the peripheral regulation of these neural circuits by gut and adipocyte-derived signals. The application of cutting-edge neuroscience approaches and the clinical relevance of basic science discoveries to obesity research will also be highlighted. Recent advances in emerging treatment options will be discussed, including surgical interventions and next-generation pharmacotherapies. In combination with a joint symposium on the” Gastrointestinal Control of Metabolism,” this exciting program will bring together breaking research from both basic science and translational realms on the etiology and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.