Building on the successful GRC Batteries programs in 2012 and 2014, this meeting will continue the focus on fundamental understanding of the chemistry and physics that control battery performance, and using that knowledge to improve battery materials and designs. Analytical tools, particularly in situ and in operando, are becoming increasingly important in detecting and overcoming the root causes of battery materials failure. Modeling tools on multiple length scales complement these experimental efforts to decouple the complicated phenomena underlying materials and cell behavior. Nanoscale designs offer the hope of further increasing cell power and energy density. Based on feedback from the 2014 meeting, lessons from industrial battery development will also be included in the discussions. We look forward to a stimulating meeting full of conversations and networking with international leaders in battery research. All attendees are invited to present a poster at one of the daily poster sessions. A Gordon Research Seminar for students and post-doctoral researchers precedes the meeting.