Automated Border Control (ABC) at airports and land borders worldwide employ biometrics for identity recognition. This includes rhe use of electronic (e-) gates as well as registered traveller programmes such as Global Entry (US). Monitoring (surveillance) is also undertaken to a limited extent to ensure conformance (e.g. only one person at a time passes through an e-gate). However, with increasing numbers of people and vehicles crossing borders every year there exists a strong demand for new ways of performing biometric recognition whereby throughput is increased, security is maintained or increased and all processing is performed in a legally and ethically compliant manner. There also exists signicant potential to deploy advanced automated surveillance in ABC areas to enable border guards to perform enhanced risk assessment. For example, to detect attempts to spoof identity or evade identity checks altogether, or choosing a particular moment to enter the borders zone because the passenger believes that when increased numbers of travellers are passing through the identity checks will be less thorough. Automated monitoring may also be performed for border conformance checks and reporting and the detection of anomalous behaviour, as well as towards optimisation of traveller flow. While airports account for the majority of biometric deployments, there is increasingly interest from border guards to apply new and emerging biometric, as well as surveillance technologies, at land and sea borders.