Fungal, algal, and cyanobacterial toxins adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and the environment. The occurrence and toxicity of these mycotoxins and phycotoxins, which may be present in food, water, and air, is often impacted by multiple factors including environmental change and human activity. Given the ecological and societal importance of this field, exchange of ideas and collaboration among numerous disciplines (e.g., biology, analytical chemistry, toxicology, ecology, plant pathology, epidemiology, genomics/proteomics, meteorology, economics/trade, risk assessment/hazard management, and public health) is critical for assessing risks and developing sustainable management practices for these natural toxins. The 16th Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins provides an interdisciplinary and international forum of pioneering research for academic, governmental, and industrial scientists and allows for the free exchange of ideas, identification of new research opportunities, and initiation of cross-disciplinary collaborations. Contemporary themes will be explored to facilitate the discussion of these natural toxins and related topics of interest. Discussion sessions include: 1) frontiers in mycotoxin and phycotoxin research, 2) novel and emerging toxins and toxicities, 3) mechanisms of action, genomics, proteomics, and the phylogenetic basis of toxicity, 4) advances in analytical detection: use of analytical recognition elements, 5) advances in analytical detection: direct analysis of mycotoxins and phycotoxins, 6) outbreaks, exposure, and risk assessment, 7) evolution and ecological significance of mycotoxins and phycotoxins, 8) strategies and regulation for prevention and control, and 9) future perspectives and directions. A primary goal of this unparalleled conference is to create a critical mass and atmosphere for cultivating the creative thinking necessary to advance knowledge of the complex challenges presented by naturally occurring toxigenic microbes and their toxins. The GRC brings together a diverse group of interdisciplinary scientists whose research ultimately contributes to ensuring the health of the environment and the safety and security of the food supply. Special attention will be given to strategies that improve interactions of junior and senior scientists during the conference. In keeping with the successful nature of Gordon Research Conferences, speaker presentations will provide the context for each session, yet vigorous discussion will be the key focus. Designated discussion leaders, recognized for their expertise in each particular area, will guide the audience-based discussions. Primary criteria used for selecting invited oral presenters are that the researcher (1) share new, cutting-edge research on mycotoxins and phycotoxins, and (2) deliver an engaging presentation to foster discussion of the presented material. Contributed poster sessions will also serve as an opportunity for lively and informal discussion. The Gordon Research Seminar (GRS) will once again be held in conjunction with the 2013 GRC on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. The GRS, a two-day meeting immediately preceding the GRC (15-16 June 2013), is specifically designed for early career scientists, such as graduate students and post-doctoral researchers. This unique meeting offers an opportunity for junior investigators to present their work in a formal, highly stimulating, and non-intimidating environment with their peers. It is expected that GRS participants will remain to participate in the subsequent Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins GRC. The GRS provides an unmatched opportunity to promote interactions between junior scientists and those who are more established in the field.