At this moment, a large amount of data produced by various digital ecosystems of modern societies causes data deluge. Such data are collectively called big data. Big data contain data originating both in our physical real world and in social media. If different kinds of physical data and social data are analyzed in a mutually related fashion or any kind of social data are spatially and/or temporally analyzed, values which cannot be acquired otherwise will be discovered and utilized in various applications ranging from business to science.