22 / 2026-08-27 00:56:11

Overview of Color Tunable Devices

Nanoparticle deposition system; room-temperature sensing; aerodynamically focused nanoparticle system;,electrochromism

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been widely applied to smart windows, mirrors, gas sensors, and low-power displays. Dynamic application of color tunable devices from Visual Gas Sensors

to Robust Flexible Electrochromic Device (FECD) using Solvent-Free and Maskless Patterning

system, is presented in this study.  We present two solvent-free, dry-deposition routes that broaden

the color-tunable device platform. First, a Cu-doped ZnO/TiO₂ film deposited by the

nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS) detects NO gas at room temperature (25 °C) and, coupled

with a viologen-based ECD, converts the electrical gas signal directly into a visible color change.

Second, the aerodynamically focused nanoparticle (AFN) system patterns WO₃ nanopowders

into maskless, ink- and solvent-free micro-scale lines far narrower than the nozzle diameter. These

dry-patterned devices switch stably over 500 cycles, and extension to flexible ITO-PET substrates

yields robust flexible ECDs withstanding thousands of cycles and repeated bending. We expect these dry deposition and patterning platforms to broaden the design space of electrochromic displays toward wearable devices and environmental monitoring.