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In the East Sea (ES), the Subpolar Front (SPF) is a strong thermal boundary formed by the interaction of warm and cold currents. Although in-situ observations have revealed that the SPF exhibits a southward-tilting vertical structure, its vertical morphology and long-term variability remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the SPF and its long-term variability. For this, we developed the Convolutional Kolmogorov-Arnolds Network (ConvKAN) model to estimate subsurface temperature in the ES, using satellite-based variables as inputs and the temperature profiles from the World Ocean Database (WOD) as ground truth for the upper 500 m during 2007–2023. For test results, the ConvKAN model showed a depth-average determination coefficient (R2) of 0.73, root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.12 °C, and normalized RMSE (NRMSE) of 0.09. The reconstructed 3-D temperature fields revealed that the SPF exhibited a southward tilt with depth, although the degree of the tilt varied by region and season. Using the residual component derived from Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), the vertical tilt of the SPF was quantified based on the frontal angle while minimizing the influence of oscillatory frontal variability. The 17-year mean frontal angle varied regionally, averaging 56°, 49°, and 69° in the western, central, and eastern ES, respectively. The frontal angle generally increased over the 17-year period, particularly in the western and central ES, where it was associated with increased East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) volume transport. These changes were accompanied by strengthened vertical alignment and a southwest-to-northeast orientation of the SPF, as indicated by long-term trends in the magnitude of the temperature gradient (GM) and frontal position. These results suggest that the frontal angle is a useful indicator of how well surface frontal signals represent subsurface frontal structures, thereby improving the identification of the subsurface position of the SPF. They also provide a basis for understanding changes in the 3-D structure of the SPF in response to changes in the marine environment.
01月12日
2027
01月15日
2027
初稿截稿日期
注册截止日期
2024年12月11日 中国
第七届厦门海洋环境开放科学大会(XMAS 2025)2023年01月09日 中国 Xiamen
第六届厦门海洋环境科学开放大会
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