The effectiveness of Mineral Resource-Based City (MRBC) sustainable development depends not only on the level of development of a certain system in the city, but also on the degree of coordination between various systems. Therefore, coordinating the development of energy resources, ecological environment, economy, and social systems in MRBC is an important guarantee for achieving regional sustainable development. In response to the lack of quantitative analysis of urban sustainable development from the perspective of multiple-system coupling in existing research, this study, based on the "National Resource-based City Sustainable Development Plan", takes 109 MRBCs in China as the object and 2013–2019 as the time window, and uses the RS-RW-CCD method to empirically analyze the coupling coordination degree and differences of multiple systems in China's MRBC sustainable development. The results show that: (1) During the implementation of the "Plan", the coordination degree of sustainable development of MRBC in China showed an upward trend, but the overall coordination degree was not high and was in a barely coordinated stage; (2) By region, the coordination degree is ranked from high to low as East China, Central China, North China, Northeast China, Southwest China, South China and Northwest China; (3) The overall sustainable development coordination gap of MRBC in different regions has been continuously narrowing, but the differences in individual cities are still significant. Based on this, this study proposes relevant suggestions such as formulating differentiated policies tailored to the city's own situation and in combination with the local region, in order to effectively enhance the coordination of MRBC's sustainable development.