Worldwide, the growth of population and social progress has led to the generation of significant amounts of agricultural food waste, which in turn has resulted in environmental pollution. However, it is worth noting that food waste-derived products can also be utilized for environmental remediation due to its unique chemical and physical properties. This review focuses on the connection between food waste-derived products and environmental governance. Specifically, we highlight three products that have immediate significance and environmental governance effects: humic acid, biochar, and innovative materials. Furthermore, we explore the specific applications of these products in environmental governance, such as agricultural use, sewage treatment, and heavy metal adsorption. By carefully examining the current state of environmental governance, we discuss the importance of producing high-quality environmental governance products while prioritizing energy conservation and emission reduction, as this will be crucial in achieving pollution control. In addition, we also comprehensively analyze the effects of environmental governance cases under the technical background considered. Finally, the problems and limitations of food waste in environmental treatment were studied, and the future prospects were considered.