Supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) have been widely used to improve the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a recently developed material that is popular in the construction industry due to its low CO2 emissions. However, the pozzolanic reaction of clay and its contribution to concrete performance is still poorly understood. Therefore, this study develops a multiscale modelling system to simulate the performance of LC3 concrete.
The material properties of calcined clay are first characterized by SEM-EDS mapping method. Experimental result shows that the reactive phase of calcined clay is metakaolin. The unified multiphase reaction model is extended to simulate the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in cement systems . A microstructure model is also developed based on the latest characterization of C-(A)-S-H gel. A multiscale modelling system that incorporates the unified multiphase reaction model and the microstructure model of C-(A)-S-H gel is subsequently developed. This modelling system provides satisfied predictions on the performance of metakaolin concrete, such as compression strength and water loss .
This study also develops a reliability analysis system that incorporates the coupled degradation effects of crack development and corrosion progression into the assessment of the corrosion failure probability of RC structures. Coupling with the performance prediction of LC3 concrete by the multiscale modelling system, this reliability system can be used to assess the corrosion failure probability of RC beam using LC3 under chloride attack. Analysis result shows that SCMs significantly improve the durability of RCs under chloride ingress. Our analyses also show that the performance of LC3 RC is similar to that of slag RC; this is significant, as LC3 concrete is a promising green cementitious material.